{"id":"W2157079720","doi":"10.1111/j.1467-8268.2006.00140.x","title":"Human Resource Underutilization in an Era of Poverty Reduction: An Analysis of Unemployment and Underemployment in Ghana","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"African Development Review","topic":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":43,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Vancouver Island University","funders":"","keywords":"Underemployment; Unemployment; Poverty reduction; Poverty; Economics; Resource (disambiguation); Development economics; Labour economics; Economic growth; Computer science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001334882,0.0001404293,0.0007365406,0.0004129392,0.00003229611,0.00001516292,0.0001410608,0.00004953837,0.00007846495],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001761669,0.0001499643,0.00005606057,0.001451307,0.00004088436,0.0001437996,0.00004660358,0.00008135536,5.66426e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002572557,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003894318,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001891571,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003954173,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9978848,0.00009001165,0.001390799,0.0003858621,0.00007966424,0.0001689178],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990281,0.00001659966,0.0005480631,0.0003193517,0.00004024593,0.00004763544],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001250593,0.0007609292,0.8065548,0.0007510916,0.0001395024,0.000002175699,0.0007451683,0.0005334571,0.00002014261,0.183838,0.00003266393,0.006609591],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004208375,0.00008100169,0.9870865,0.0005136899,0.00006958209,5.47726e-7,0.0002716937,0.0009926563,0.00003096882,0.007747055,0.002471091,0.0003143669],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9895246,0.007991903,0.0002260679,0.0003106252,0.00001727669,0.0003210639,0.00002698916,0.000008413104,0.001573045],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9972199,0.001527821,0.000892835,0.000104249,0.000006276346,0.00002207364,0.0001562611,0.00001103459,0.00005953862],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1805317,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6115368,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.038303953678533,"score_gpt":0.2686440384203484,"score_spread":0.2303400847418154,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}