{"id":"W2158433072","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2444978","title":"Elections and De Facto Expenditure Decentralization in Canada","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"Local Government Finance and Decentralization","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Center for Interuniversity Research and Analysis on Organizations","funders":"","keywords":"Decentralization; De facto; Political science; Public administration; Law","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006403463,0.00005526233,0.00006739976,0.00003068172,0.0002802769,0.00004539601,0.00007916284,0.00004274567,0.00002938648],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001203085,0.00005449765,0.00001353482,0.0001569922,0.00002098248,0.0001835734,0.0000057293,0.0003494158,0.000001064349],"about_ca_system_candidate":true,"about_ca_system_consensus":true,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.004341498,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.005885235,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.7658046,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9967327,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982971,0.0001280154,0.0001186546,0.00008652398,0.0002403854,0.001129349],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997749,0.00002913984,0.00006074366,0.00003584299,0.00002233324,0.00007705535],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001252904,0.00002048532,0.4932135,0.000001882497,0.00001051339,0.000001245181,0.001263336,0.0003730364,0.00004900843,0.4865114,0.0005680344,0.017975],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00198705,0.0001944847,0.2396685,0.00006263567,0.00004053079,0.0001015765,0.04635193,0.002698827,0.0003212444,0.5053138,0.2026261,0.0006333745],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9359046,0.0007372073,0.05832618,0.002111679,0.0002265973,0.0001100453,0.000001169476,0.00001247484,0.00257002],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9923276,0.006980126,0.00001676989,0.0002070729,0.0001218967,0.000001804959,0.000002069398,0.000004977021,0.0003376995],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.253545,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9997505,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.004177929066038618,"score_gpt":0.2272877743841707,"score_spread":0.2231098453181321,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}