{"id":"W2159755984","doi":"10.1177/0038040712472913","title":"Tracing the U.S. Deficit in PISA Reading Skills to Early Childhood","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Sociology of Education","topic":"School Choice and Performance","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":47,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Psychology; Test (biology); Developmental psychology; Standardized test; Vocabulary; Incentive; Achievement test; Longitudinal study; Reading (process); Literacy; Academic achievement; International comparisons; Leverage (statistics); Mathematics education; Pedagogy; Political science; Economic growth; Economics; Medicine","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008990318,0.0002288387,0.000279746,0.004048731,0.002074217,0.001408834,0.0005989441,0.0004210267,0.002667378],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00418195,0.0001902752,0.0002930424,0.007323829,0.0009490326,0.000830555,0.00162725,0.0009868363,0.0003676604],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.006131249,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0103701,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.9163134,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9627427,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993125,0.00006207031,0.00003077419,0.0001148668,0.0001612159,0.0003186642],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9973341,0.0003180454,0.0006485868,0.000152506,0.0009900422,0.0005567546],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003920673,0.00003213033,0.9715902,0.00002998683,0.00002780386,0.0000929114,0.002856983,0.000156748,0.0001585809,0.002541863,0.004461817,0.01801163],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000001007691,0.00001417227,0.9950306,0.00002346592,0.000007111375,0.00002172431,0.002414046,0.0000523699,0.00009717609,0.0001420116,0.002193529,0.000002553889],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9719326,0.001534417,0.000201358,0.00308464,0.00004117682,0.00001756561,0.005444275,0.00002367883,0.01772024],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9951179,0.001054822,0.0002021029,0.0002565859,0.00001384052,0.0000115055,0.002202953,0.000006805592,0.001133534],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9163134,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1683589,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01310495315176825,"score_gpt":0.3173666475644425,"score_spread":0.3042616944126743,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}