{"id":"W2160745461","doi":"10.1177/0047287503257498","title":"Estimating the Distance Equivalence of the Canada-U.S. Border on U.S.-to-Canada Visitor Flows","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Travel Research","topic":"Canadian Policy and Governance","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":13,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"","keywords":"Equivalence (formal languages); Visitor pattern; Geography; Tourism; Border effect; Economic geography; Regional science; Econometrics; Mathematics; Computer science; Discrete mathematics; Archaeology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002811357,0.00006872198,0.0001409335,0.00004166608,0.0007524494,0.00005249842,0.0009484641,0.00003117167,0.00008398069],"category_scores_gemma":[0.005489959,0.00004138309,0.00005594843,0.0006780779,0.0002080618,0.00005346951,0.0000270803,0.0005595644,8.59285e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":true,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00098415,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.01577412,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.9930408,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9994967,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9962044,0.0005267348,0.0002965922,0.00009977826,0.002390649,0.0004817914],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9979691,0.000883877,0.0001934785,0.0002435037,0.0004489852,0.00026105],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001668535,0.00009722517,0.004386558,0.00008656675,0.00009282424,0.000151324,0.01210335,0.006802324,0.001018068,0.1065644,0.8456541,0.02287637],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002799228,0.000108524,0.06391169,0.000356202,0.000008710083,0.00001279125,0.003384522,0.000266849,0.001499082,0.001566439,0.9284548,0.000150463],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.786168,0.000749903,0.0003756836,0.1706879,0.002393516,0.0006056517,0.0002086186,0.000002109028,0.03880858],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.994248,0.00001964276,0.0001577195,0.001040145,0.0003682559,0.000002195986,2.924223e-8,0.00000666646,0.004157368],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2080799,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9898055,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04860791960781863,"score_gpt":0.3841331704778333,"score_spread":0.3355252508700147,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}