{"id":"W2161080400","doi":"10.1111/1540-5982.t01-2-00003","title":"R&amp;D, innovation, and technological progress: a test of the Schumpeterian framework without scale effects","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d économique","topic":"Economic Growth and Productivity","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":209,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Economics; Scale effects; Technological change; Scale (ratio); Endogenous growth theory; Null hypothesis; Returns to scale; Neoclassical economics; Econometrics; Microeconomics; Macroeconomics; Human capital; Physics; Production (economics); Market economy","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001502766,0.0002708581,0.0008300987,0.0007569216,0.0002051364,0.000114,0.0005532984,0.0003203395,0.0001308181],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002835671,0.0002833461,0.0001588371,0.0003920627,0.0007076756,0.0003676577,0.00002776544,0.0005193782,0.00001850677],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005810352,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0006988741,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.005063858,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.3002188,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9976265,0.00005419456,0.001296195,0.0004414181,0.000002015072,0.0005796823],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9969999,0.0002241795,0.001483088,0.0006100973,0.0001350931,0.0005476238],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000008081221,0.00001481355,0.432802,0.0000447788,0.00004563921,0.000002858268,0.0002631715,0.00002086187,0.00001486621,0.5660242,0.00005337294,0.0007053484],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006491615,0.000234069,0.0480157,0.000153549,0.00002156674,0.0003568137,0.0001248338,0.0000521481,0.001018923,0.916281,0.03265696,0.0004352708],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.993349,0.001200737,0.0001982829,0.002115112,0.001057761,0.0003665332,0.000174784,0.000006813907,0.001530959],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9958696,0.00005540755,0.003316098,0.0003428206,0.0001740003,0.00002050251,0.000002776899,0.00003912678,0.0001797057],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3847863,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999619,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.07727846876230962,"score_gpt":0.1831246666895911,"score_spread":0.1058461979272814,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}