{"id":"W2161366813","doi":"10.1016/j.ejop.2011.11.004","title":"Concepts in protistology: Species definitions and boundaries","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"European Journal of Protistology","topic":"Protist diversity and phylogeny","field":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","cited_by":124,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"","keywords":"Biology; Protist; Evolutionary biology; Context (archaeology); Phylogenetic tree; Range (aeronautics); Taxonomy (biology); Taxonomic rank; Asexuality; Monophyly; Phylogenetics; Ecology; DNA barcoding; Zoology; Clade; Genetics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004524067,0.0001131678,0.0002009553,0.00009816082,0.000118823,0.00001882824,0.0002245019,0.00005746085,0.00008127346],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001666102,0.0001091807,0.00005425485,0.00005574931,0.0008547978,0.00000896777,0.0001269023,0.0001996811,0.000015962],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001009082,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00009404171,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000007379531,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000498574,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988251,0.0004500151,0.0003135154,0.0001638715,0.00006017134,0.0001873138],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994634,0.00001089956,0.0002241504,0.0001294017,0.00009632322,0.00007587058],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001509186,0.0004840283,0.8790283,0.0001044476,0.0002527373,0.0031723,0.005026023,0.000003113125,0.05058172,0.04640313,0.007531121,0.005903878],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001948124,0.002308456,0.9226522,0.00004209212,0.00003706051,0.003110462,0.0003862348,6.249093e-7,0.011456,0.00289421,0.05489809,0.0002663703],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9643407,0.001592511,0.002809492,0.0002413703,0.000389417,0.0003043095,0.00002068808,0.000006241823,0.03029528],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.994138,0.0001310432,0.005246152,0.0001867007,0.00009623427,0.000003204294,0.000006539161,0.00001212693,0.0001799928],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.04736697,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4452262,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.05594998999757411,"score_gpt":0.2374650224262996,"score_spread":0.1815150324287255,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}