{"id":"W2162147975","doi":"10.1016/b978-0-08-101107-2.00018-x","title":"Atoms, Categorization, and Conceptual Change","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"Elsevier eBooks","topic":"History and advancements in chemistry","field":"Chemistry","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"","keywords":"Categorization; Realization (probability); Conceptual change; Atom (system on chip); Text categorization; Epistemology; Computer science; Concept learning; Cognitive science; Theoretical physics; Chemistry; Psychology; Artificial intelligence; Mathematics; Physics; Philosophy; Machine learning; Statistics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00005288149,0.0004351167,0.0003881319,0.0000345503,0.0001534352,0.00002277393,0.0002146029,0.0004844617,0.004988089],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001023577,0.0004731223,0.00009076525,0.000005024499,0.0004163375,0.00006218649,0.0001114994,0.000494073,0.0001190694],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001627871,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006353213,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":1.702443e-7,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000003775585,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998601,0.00000380511,0.0003598998,0.0005268733,0.0002548116,0.000253605],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990454,0.00003024133,0.0002464974,0.0004556185,0.00006558847,0.000156623],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000009230483,0.000008258692,0.00001459599,0.0002590348,0.00007300913,0.00002832957,0.0006310574,9.264169e-8,0.0008811749,0.008404984,0.0002944864,0.9893957],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003007921,0.000006754296,3.598121e-7,0.0002756025,0.00007946006,0.00001778533,0.00002652624,0.000001216073,0.002287559,0.001639546,0.99487,0.0004943933],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","genre_scores_codex":[0.0001247085,0.005487828,0.000001938176,0.00002492704,0.0001677071,0.0001104683,0.0001157687,0.0001031788,0.9938635],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.001864136,0.0005052347,0.0001356769,0.0003679644,0.001885675,0.00005215331,0.0002083095,0.0001005418,0.9948803],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9945755,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9997721,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02666570180085146,"score_gpt":0.2427821166408962,"score_spread":0.2161164148400447,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}