{"id":"W2162475107","doi":"10.1098/rstb.2010.0363","title":"The levels of analysis revisited","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences","topic":"Animal Behavior and Reproduction","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":84,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"","keywords":"Proximate and ultimate causation; Categorization; Function (biology); Set (abstract data type); Reductionism; Term (time); Adaptation (eye); Mechanism (biology); Computer science; Cognitive psychology; Data science; Biology; Psychology; Epistemology; Evolutionary biology; Artificial intelligence; Neuroscience","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.04029372,0.001953811,0.00298387,0.007895913,0.00333329,0.01726992,0.005105735,0.00815741,0.006265557],"category_scores_gemma":[0.04591108,0.001317095,0.002649772,0.01009245,0.05581651,0.02397313,0.008831981,0.02005306,0.002807499],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.01437276,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.009002672,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004526658,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003092301,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9507672,0.02973578,0.003076016,0.005135386,0.01013234,0.001153387],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9500302,0.03957701,0.001879847,0.003448147,0.004331855,0.0007328703],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002404063,0.000007414784,0.0001782757,0.001658521,0.00006183912,0.00006605436,0.002828167,0.000194598,0.0001531005,0.9072219,0.01613168,0.07147432],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001096319,0.0000190572,0.0003985999,0.00358749,0.00003648966,0.0003947797,0.001576665,0.0003846008,0.0001740981,0.5521332,0.441247,0.00003712323],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.00116896,0.7555079,0.09071261,0.09246207,0.006892715,0.00009400661,0.0001297578,0.0002529106,0.05277918],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.1459178,0.626605,0.1169283,0.07035066,0.01517377,0.001211361,0.0003183191,0.0007412761,0.0227534],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.04029372,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2130961,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1849698316424169,"score_gpt":0.3231979489754595,"score_spread":0.1382281173330426,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}