{"id":"W2163820985","doi":"","title":"Causality between Corporate Social Performance and Financial Performance: Evidence from Canadian Firms","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":45,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"HEC Montréal","funders":"","keywords":"Equity (law); Shareholder; Granger causality; Corporate social responsibility; Investment performance; Causality (physics); Economics; Return on assets; Rate of return; Sample (material); Financial economics; Business; Return on equity; Abnormal return; Return on investment; Finance; Corporate governance; Econometrics; Microeconomics; Profitability index","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003380032,0.000258711,0.0003514123,0.0002344122,0.001302793,0.0003997082,0.0003086633,0.0001682424,0.00003853951],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000592554,0.0002566992,0.00009504623,0.0005841916,0.00009991726,0.001937146,0.00006642647,0.001624961,0.00005239483],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00108853,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.003954824,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.02635288,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.09171414,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9965134,0.00003867899,0.0005776553,0.0003645011,0.0004293257,0.002076482],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9985777,0.00005358385,0.0008438437,0.0001667552,0.0002880886,0.00007009945],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001042672,0.00001318999,0.7559624,0.00001945762,0.00002319649,0.00001203258,0.0001474207,0.000007344003,0.0001359858,0.001946946,0.0001286078,0.2414992],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003327551,0.00007707288,0.9249763,0.00007158056,0.00007894398,0.00001932076,0.0002263261,0.0003809181,0.00002090986,0.07165497,0.001830387,0.0003304691],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9966328,0.000348444,0.0001172794,0.001874662,0.0001982716,0.0001819775,0.000003297007,0.00005409931,0.0005891547],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9951447,0.0004379993,0.00002116359,0.0005581962,0.003542445,0.000002503197,0.00001578261,0.00002031755,0.0002569243],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2411687,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999974,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03201401150101243,"score_gpt":0.247853563435139,"score_spread":0.2158395519341265,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}