{"id":"W2166083835","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-3984.2001.tb01121.x","title":"Identifying Sources of Differential Item and Bundle Functioning on Translated Achievement Tests: A Confirmatory Analysis","year":2001,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Educational Measurement","topic":"Educational and Psychological Assessments","field":"Psychology","cited_by":118,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada; International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement; University of Alberta","keywords":"Differential item functioning; Psychology; Categorization; Item analysis; Set (abstract data type); Achievement test; Test (biology); Item response theory; Social psychology; Standardized test; Mathematics education; Psychometrics; Developmental psychology; Computer science; Artificial intelligence","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.1063298,0.00222076,0.001753178,0.00894666,0.002293115,0.003350091,0.001710708,0.0009027468,0.003089414],"category_scores_gemma":[0.231848,0.001416625,0.003897454,0.008528724,0.002016179,0.001928467,0.003329297,0.002588059,0.001177479],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002030132,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.007338296,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.008159914,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01152415,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9179605,0.04294685,0.008736846,0.006432729,0.02197265,0.001950527],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.6631622,0.1511741,0.01639113,0.03211689,0.1354378,0.001717991],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0009207714,0.0008689326,0.8290794,0.001294017,0.002228993,0.0008928998,0.02424778,0.001505111,0.008416957,0.004312888,0.003320065,0.1229122],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004708767,0.003097218,0.9028767,0.001178859,0.003137708,0.0009751447,0.02592597,0.02704935,0.01688188,0.005650944,0.01250767,0.0002476553],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.863367,0.0006129122,0.1144778,0.0007409758,0.0001962254,0.007724663,0.002639516,0.0005187097,0.00972214],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9002059,0.0002575825,0.08802927,0.0002285836,0.00006980507,0.005702074,0.003411697,0.0002774172,0.001817678],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1063298,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5623326,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1150924720928353,"score_gpt":0.3772707718796586,"score_spread":0.2621782997868233,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}