{"id":"W2166182902","doi":"10.1017/s0142716402000061","title":"A similarity in word-recognition procedures among second language readers with different first language backgrounds","year":2002,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Psycholinguistics","topic":"Reading and Literacy Development","field":"Psychology","cited_by":49,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"University of Toronto","keywords":"Word recognition; Word (group theory); Psychology; Word lists by frequency; Linguistics; Similarity (geometry); Persian; Stop words; Natural language processing; Artificial intelligence; Computer science; Reading (process); Sentence","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001789685,0.0003694145,0.0003540707,0.0002449264,0.0001170276,0.0000972586,0.0002433551,0.00021283,0.003147927],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00007214212,0.0003219621,0.00005143699,0.0003574495,0.0001257995,0.00003382963,0.00002736239,0.0005198657,0.0002995555],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009535519,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001180775,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001450094,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001854132,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9979854,0.00004536055,0.0004604355,0.0006447787,0.0002684318,0.0005956297],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989409,0.0001696861,0.0001717604,0.000505581,0.00005076397,0.0001612509],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001317658,0.004687806,0.1365121,0.0009812961,0.0007128839,0.00150631,0.7165913,0.00004585751,0.0002852175,0.003375698,0.06002911,0.07395475],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.01266066,0.0003851262,0.8927521,0.001082488,0.0002218645,0.0001702432,0.05531136,0.000377173,0.0006139355,0.001590732,0.03162472,0.003209625],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8314177,0.0002144997,0.000164897,0.00006489686,0.0004507662,0.0004408476,0.00004037048,0.0001459176,0.1670601],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9936076,0.000017151,0.001156157,0.0006006735,0.000393638,0.000243358,0.0001448821,0.00006988693,0.003766628],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.75624,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999232,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02497065676927303,"score_gpt":0.2820026065910669,"score_spread":0.2570319498217938,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}