{"id":"W2167978985","doi":"10.1093/heapol/16.4.428","title":"Consumer out-of-pocket spending for pharmaceuticals in Kazakhstan: implications for sectoral reform","year":2001,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Health Policy and Planning","topic":"Healthcare Systems and Reforms","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":23,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"York University; World Bank Group","keywords":"Revenue; Business; Rural area; Restructuring; Gross domestic product; Informal sector; Health care; Government (linguistics); Government revenue; Payment; Psychological intervention; Residence; Public economics; Economic growth; Economics; Demographic economics; Finance; Medicine","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001105483,0.0001075593,0.0004392593,0.0003081557,0.0001845183,0.00001744776,0.00007013039,0.0001031031,0.00001038157],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001373347,0.00009980496,0.00005642922,0.0001718681,0.00002904811,0.0000984359,0.00001515794,0.000106036,0.000004419361],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002416705,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001044058,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.005618566,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002448645,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984115,0.00001398923,0.0008146904,0.00023524,0.00001659484,0.0005079516],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992279,0.0001118394,0.0003254538,0.0001286481,0.00002464405,0.0001814508],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001444269,0.00007220446,0.4814437,0.002066748,0.00004532783,0.000001066432,0.005144081,0.00002566568,0.00002449398,0.4737984,0.001035375,0.0361985],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002446467,0.0003002081,0.2192112,0.000330755,0.000002577826,0.00002112032,0.0006658861,0.001521629,0.00002589392,0.03779611,0.7373122,0.0003659334],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8360173,0.03257168,0.02809874,0.0708935,0.002252939,0.005905432,0.005090472,0.0001173242,0.01905263],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9954965,0.0007550226,0.00097898,0.001913637,0.0004226149,0.0001286038,0.00004738002,0.00002039524,0.0002368999],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7362768,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8493629,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.3153708582312302,"score_gpt":0.4701562909134268,"score_spread":0.1547854326821966,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}