{"id":"W2171808061","doi":"10.4284/0038-4038-2011.207","title":"Patentability and Knowledge Spillovers of Basic R&D","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Southern Economic Journal","topic":"Economic Growth and Productivity","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":12,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University","funders":"","keywords":"Patentability; Profit (economics); Economics; Welfare; Basic research; Industrial organization; Microeconomics; Patent law; Computer science; Market economy; Intellectual property; Law; Political science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.002004849,0.0001633469,0.0004606756,0.0001585308,0.0001068367,0.00004386708,0.0001730893,0.00009065697,0.001565589],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000767146,0.0001815547,0.0001605162,0.00004008794,0.0001420259,0.0004682782,0.00007287002,0.0002356735,0.002241878],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001842568,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004504312,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000157706,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00005359218,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985313,0.00003704415,0.0007519865,0.0002596119,0.00001252254,0.0004075643],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987968,0.00005813759,0.0005920209,0.0002861209,0.0000155945,0.0002513568],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002682086,0.00008561202,0.9792603,0.0000253276,0.0000777397,1.463646e-7,0.003147938,0.000008251401,0.00003645254,0.01464044,0.0003433484,0.002347678],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003837446,0.000198194,0.629037,0.00004256076,0.0000611671,0.0004337561,0.003635259,0.0003131866,0.0004934272,0.1721253,0.1884352,0.001387454],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9750667,0.004868158,0.0002352104,0.0001651562,0.001469622,0.00009330871,0.0002210181,0.00001149285,0.01786935],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9982153,0.0001705577,0.0002915229,0.00003701433,0.0006099004,0.000002531425,0.00000314471,0.00002459941,0.0006454727],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3502232,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9993471,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04729276981813236,"score_gpt":0.2284581378057148,"score_spread":0.1811653679875824,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}