{"id":"W2181280322","doi":"10.1002/jctb.4860","title":"Applications of biofiltration in drinking water treatment – a review","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology","topic":"Water Treatment and Disinfection","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":107,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph; Carleton University","funders":"","keywords":"Biofilter; Backwashing; Environmental science; Water treatment; Waste management; Filtration (mathematics); Environmental engineering; Pulp and paper industry; Engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003148017,0.0003415621,0.001784257,0.0007430811,0.00001890697,0.000004737144,0.0005276861,0.001425194,0.0001110638],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004462754,0.000206729,0.00035187,0.001096687,0.0004661145,0.000116325,0.0002039469,0.0005698764,0.0001079707],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0008846757,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006091883,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001352464,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000004916637,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9978716,0.00005189956,0.001258889,0.0003211696,0.0001994425,0.0002970226],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9985642,0.00002779442,0.0008604684,0.0004591279,0.00003536848,0.0000530086],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000004811721,0.0003262756,0.00006996776,0.0008935301,0.0000766521,0.00002064607,0.000007527258,2.703018e-7,0.004589824,0.0001110406,0.0001507623,0.9937487],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003451184,0.0003339833,3.29813e-7,0.003755349,0.0006086047,0.0006035858,0.000006134746,4.24126e-7,0.06266,0.00261283,0.9288914,0.0001822232],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.001382207,0.9962428,0.0001240427,0.001128982,0.0000582375,0.0007945215,0.000003957303,0.00006550325,0.0001997622],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.001141215,0.9976237,0.0009681653,0.00001667512,0.00003063225,0.0001398066,0.00002888247,0.00002284914,0.00002802471],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9935665,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998712,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0210702997151216,"score_gpt":0.3011034143049199,"score_spread":0.2800331145897983,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}