{"id":"W2182565077","doi":"10.13016/5lvh-ucaj","title":"The Puzzle of Local Double Taxation: Why Do Private Community Associations Exist?","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The independent review","topic":"Local Government Finance and Decentralization","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":16,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Quarter (Canadian coin); Corporate governance; Government (linguistics); Infill; Subject (documents); Dividend; Private sector; Local government; Community development; Business; Public administration; Political science; Economic growth; Economics; Finance; Geography","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002764768,0.00009946862,0.0002055779,0.00001051631,0.00170848,0.0001016603,0.0006273679,0.00007113097,0.00009366778],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001451044,0.00006112117,0.0001254148,0.0004377948,0.000187036,0.0001953285,0.00005309627,0.0002393693,0.0000500499],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002187469,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00009470936,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001542377,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.005303958,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9976892,0.0006616318,0.0004033812,0.0001097715,0.00088207,0.0002539215],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998542,0.0001911697,0.0006256811,0.0004363145,0.0001504763,0.00005442397],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002452676,0.0003670112,0.005163497,0.0001539349,0.00004983789,0.000001347545,0.002863815,0.00005402918,0.00001446899,0.8563706,0.03979861,0.09513827],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003285079,0.00004413019,0.01960304,0.0004116878,0.0000756314,6.968894e-7,0.0007997929,0.000008979705,0.00005677385,0.01500938,0.9635267,0.000134734],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.03533906,0.2370883,0.03848076,0.121959,0.002545015,0.01044102,0.0001022476,0.0004387234,0.5536059],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9464892,0.05012485,0.0000156613,0.002088606,0.00007707725,0.00002456975,0.00001534971,0.000005239049,0.0011595],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.923728,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9995912,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03930508118732177,"score_gpt":0.3277621152042075,"score_spread":0.2884570340168857,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}