{"id":"W2189298796","doi":"10.1016/j.jet.2017.09.005","title":"The direction of innovation","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Economic Theory","topic":"Innovation Policy and R&D","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":79,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Construct (python library); Value (mathematics); Industrial organization; Work (physics); Race (biology); Business; Microeconomics; Affect (linguistics); Economics; Computer science; Sociology; Engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003040691,0.0000503523,0.0001855502,0.000190763,0.0002837034,0.00007284908,0.0003118227,0.00004503127,0.0001081379],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005679873,0.00004085705,0.0000662934,0.00004539299,0.000117166,0.0003534613,0.00002678456,0.0001087399,0.00006113256],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006694788,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003759452,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001589858,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000004234142,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988491,0.0000140061,0.0009807928,0.0000589084,0.00001277602,0.0000844265],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9961875,0.000094214,0.003355854,0.000260559,0.00008926036,0.00001262671],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003530691,0.00001005293,0.004623943,0.000003047182,0.000046478,2.06627e-7,0.00007968031,0.00003628259,0.00007905213,0.9896988,0.001390302,0.003996823],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003775147,0.00004431211,0.03764696,0.00001056939,0.000003496035,0.00001163373,0.00006208094,0.00008453091,0.001510608,0.8633748,0.09681066,0.00006278538],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8725115,0.0005172222,0.001355143,0.00230285,0.002754651,0.00005368454,0.00001877012,0.000003452872,0.1204827],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9970523,0.0001533585,0.00008683955,0.00008987493,0.0003855499,7.749272e-7,4.415182e-7,0.000006758974,0.002224176],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.126324,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2182046,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04258299393521382,"score_gpt":0.2747117828309054,"score_spread":0.2321287888956916,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}