{"id":"W2201664852","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.055","title":"Occurrence and origin of methane in groundwater in Alberta (Canada): Gas geochemical and isotopic approaches","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Science of The Total Environment","topic":"Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":82,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Royal Academy of Engineering; Agence Nationale de la Recherche; University of Calgary","keywords":"Methane; Groundwater; Isotopes of carbon; Aquifer; δ13C; Natural gas; Environmental chemistry; Carbon dioxide; Hydrology (agriculture); Geology; Water table; Environmental science; Stable isotope ratio; Chemistry; Total organic carbon","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002599211,0.0002158196,0.0001723088,0.001583626,0.001672051,0.0008611316,0.0006635822,0.0004368942,0.0007013542],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000435975,0.0001757642,0.000202652,0.003670958,0.0007494079,0.000300692,0.0004986592,0.0002927607,0.0000995587],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.01359039,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.01319927,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.9932219,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9964406,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9997962,0.00001447354,0.000009530476,0.00002954056,0.00008211041,0.00006819778],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996698,0.00003118497,0.00004881018,0.000005625815,0.0001899701,0.00005458973],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003540662,0.00005420548,0.9676454,0.00008652468,0.0000552961,0.0003085769,0.002161478,0.001319006,0.007637309,0.0006928839,0.0005902469,0.01909498],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000005668633,0.0000231879,0.9922454,0.00002568471,0.0000273319,0.00009718988,0.003901306,0.0009852091,0.0009849606,0.00008954747,0.001600437,0.00001413578],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9967273,0.0007189529,0.0001466788,0.0001028729,0.0000043362,0.000006768359,0.0009260151,0.000006829404,0.00136028],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.997377,0.0006291844,0.0003176096,0.00004448128,0.0000024591,0.000002746892,0.0004804405,0.00000297367,0.001143074],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01359039,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.09860563,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01682792096767251,"score_gpt":0.1928906838150727,"score_spread":0.1760627628474002,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}