{"id":"W2202994334","doi":"10.1080/08957347.2015.1102913","title":"Analyzing Fairness Among Linguistic Minority Populations Using a Latent Class Differential Item Functioning Approach","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Measurement in Education","topic":"Social and Intergroup Psychology","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Differential item functioning; Psychology; Item response theory; Race (biology); Latent class model; Ethnic group; Social psychology; Measurement invariance; Test (biology); Statistics; Developmental psychology; Psychometrics; Confirmatory factor analysis; Structural equation modeling; Mathematics; Sociology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001061836,0.0001232896,0.0001672743,0.0001818073,0.0003593452,0.00009027188,0.0001435226,0.0001351068,0.00002400477],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003733235,0.000136002,0.00004853819,0.0004946789,0.0001054089,0.0001165322,0.00002159558,0.0001768158,0.000007301945],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001208218,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0004431281,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.008018148,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003528761,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983867,0.0001791236,0.0003174195,0.0003025177,0.0005159551,0.0002982145],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999191,0.00002027935,0.0001610097,0.0001429562,0.000342771,0.0001419465],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005836376,0.00129745,0.849906,0.00003270233,0.00004694228,2.456595e-7,0.03933227,0.0005436162,0.001920375,0.0957669,0.0007328232,0.01036234],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001117942,0.00003953254,0.9223461,0.00009014964,0.0001861201,8.99218e-7,0.04887863,0.002814637,0.00008280448,0.02080049,0.003006028,0.0006366808],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9380074,0.00008841634,0.0115424,0.000149551,0.003559286,0.0004800042,5.555068e-7,0.00006358101,0.04610877],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9977247,0.000002950681,0.0008631087,0.00003892822,0.001118546,0.0001154045,0.00002592043,0.00001055481,0.00009984752],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.07496641,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9985875,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1834551797688675,"score_gpt":0.3591230444973037,"score_spread":0.1756678647284362,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}