{"id":"W2210089237","doi":"10.1353/hpn.2015.0138","title":"Second Language Acquisition of Spanish /e/ and /ei/ by Native English Speakers","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Hispania","topic":"Phonetics and Phonology Research","field":"Psychology","cited_by":15,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Concordia University","funders":"","keywords":"Diphthong; Pronunciation; Linguistics; Formant; Psychology; Articulation (sociology); Contrast (vision); American English; Speech production; Place of articulation; Second-language acquisition; First language; Computer science; Vowel; Consonant; Artificial intelligence; Philosophy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003008822,0.00008741708,0.000161659,0.00006462361,0.00003057781,0.000008664853,0.0001142095,0.0001336913,0.002608516],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000648764,0.00008685404,0.00002113933,0.0001042791,0.0001632844,0.00004429276,0.0000621126,0.0001931445,0.0001109886],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000276096,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003111979,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002451741,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001076887,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991607,0.0001420134,0.0001421461,0.0002051136,0.0001242314,0.0002257635],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993824,0.0000924163,0.00006696051,0.0001973502,0.0001419597,0.0001189143],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004544369,0.0002666941,0.01372658,0.00004804991,0.0002448282,0.00007073439,0.2997939,6.72636e-7,0.06351843,0.00452841,0.6145117,0.002835581],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.01356988,0.002981699,0.5744777,0.00008476097,0.0001236348,0.00009258039,0.08161226,0.0001236019,0.0537317,0.005443835,0.2665546,0.001203759],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9352747,0.00135276,0.00001839331,0.00007866017,0.0004191226,0.0001252564,0.0001251464,0.00002288713,0.06258312],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9938031,0.00001270008,0.00005922958,0.0001492229,0.0001137958,0.000009731734,0.00003840059,0.00001420164,0.005799659],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5607511,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9983032,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02008835782887449,"score_gpt":0.30963680723055,"score_spread":0.2895484494016756,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}