{"id":"W2210130261","doi":"10.1073/pnas.1514034112","title":"Sea spray aerosol as a unique source of ice nucleating particles","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","topic":"Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":670,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto; Environment and Climate Change Canada; University of British Columbia","funders":"Korea Polar Research Institute; U.S. Department of Energy; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Aerosol; Sea spray; Ice nucleus; Environmental science; Oceanography; Atmospheric sciences; Meteorology; Geology; Nucleation; Geography; Chemistry","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00009521259,0.0002167651,0.0001224451,0.0001900004,0.0001840622,0.0002822092,0.0001480807,0.0001739026,0.0004138598],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001384945,0.00009989821,0.0001627102,0.00008578041,0.0001537071,0.0001776692,0.0002687136,0.0001841333,0.00006597981],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001936606,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001066595,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001878122,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001495598,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9999466,0.000007681137,0.000002118128,0.00001460643,0.00001711681,0.00001182565],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9999294,0.00001676547,0.00001463507,0.000007069301,0.00001751636,0.00001460175],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001758579,0.00006190348,0.07133614,0.00006153866,0.00003313511,0.0006859738,0.00006544787,0.003660998,0.9156548,0.0005641875,0.0002668808,0.007433167],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00007308408,0.0006658324,0.2863227,0.00001682218,0.00008440397,0.0008502975,0.0002151164,0.09838314,0.6083735,0.001013613,0.003968408,0.00003299921],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9971078,0.000197928,0.001430382,0.00002235535,0.00001268224,0.000009800815,0.00008528338,0.00002595055,0.001107865],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99906,0.00008233095,0.0005867135,0.0000102576,0.000005920308,0.000003172659,0.00009458673,0.000003717664,0.000153224],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.001878122,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.00373441,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04439948258647885,"score_gpt":0.2693182281787524,"score_spread":0.2249187455922735,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}