{"id":"W2212581835","doi":"","title":"Choosing to be different (or not): personal income taxes at the subnational level in Canada and Spain","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","topic":"Finance, Taxation, and Governance","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Normative; Federalism; Fiscal federalism; Economics; Public economics; Personal income; Political science; Economic policy; Economic growth; Law; Decentralization; Politics","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00094489,0.0002128618,0.0004488636,0.001453821,0.003274491,0.003806289,0.0008997858,0.0008310422,0.002868871],"category_scores_gemma":[0.003183382,0.0001191924,0.000361713,0.003835013,0.001663058,0.0009878643,0.001599615,0.001293637,0.0001903841],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.06607905,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.03658248,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.9917449,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9952509,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985507,0.0001105248,0.00001881144,0.0001182414,0.0002447419,0.0009569036],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9978163,0.0001795067,0.0003344139,0.00008155456,0.001055209,0.0005329939],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001320602,0.00035794,0.7232836,0.0001875314,0.0002887033,0.001708649,0.01725902,0.01142356,0.000920783,0.1115434,0.02726228,0.1044439],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001453447,0.00007663059,0.8523729,0.0001595969,0.0001578366,0.0002136154,0.05754458,0.004611269,0.001251564,0.008259824,0.07508739,0.0001194485],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9530151,0.001997188,0.0002540704,0.003235622,0.00002951047,0.00002595379,0.001197133,0.0000225627,0.04022277],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9921619,0.0007181458,0.00009939706,0.0001755258,0.000003656532,0.000004603079,0.0005141533,0.00000862818,0.006313972],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.06607905,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4794393,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02080389293644642,"score_gpt":0.2398529011976798,"score_spread":0.2190490082612334,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}