{"id":"W2227761955","doi":"10.1017/s0033822200033701","title":"Developments in Radiocarbon Technologies: From the Libby Counter to Compound-Specific AMS Analyses","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Radiocarbon","topic":"Isotope Analysis in Ecology","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":56,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Accelerator mass spectrometry; Radiocarbon dating; Liquid scintillation counting; Mass spectrometry; Radiochemistry; Nuclear physics; Chemistry; Chromatography; Archaeology; Physics; Geography","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003649813,0.0002696851,0.0003919556,0.000137958,0.0001186448,0.00006675261,0.001062613,0.0001656422,0.0002418459],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00006637127,0.0002031869,0.0000890732,0.0011356,0.0002025648,0.0001308103,0.0002250038,0.0003038545,0.0005563446],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0007864375,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001672578,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0008268918,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0009755887,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9978163,0.000128495,0.0004488908,0.000640043,0.0004273145,0.0005389739],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998866,0.0001708443,0.0001058819,0.000783143,0.000007628331,0.00006655679],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001658439,0.0005377854,0.7978109,0.000002435968,0.0001960588,0.0002885355,0.004110039,0.007248149,0.07374777,0.0005439553,0.02362232,0.0917262],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008224288,0.0001889665,0.9092554,0.00004060981,0.00004064947,0.00001642851,0.0008857045,0.001878,0.01277834,0.001797166,0.0716399,0.0006563817],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9788707,0.0006390151,0.000220576,0.002517489,0.0001963328,0.0003822087,0.000003971135,0.0001538021,0.01701589],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9955788,0.0001771816,0.001807597,0.002101984,0.00005093165,0.00003652161,0.0000138394,0.00001784219,0.0002153371],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1114445,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.828572,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02189554388194799,"score_gpt":0.2709830094249515,"score_spread":0.2490874655430035,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}