{"id":"W2233130718","doi":"10.2136/sssaspecpub63.2014.0053","title":"Research and Application of Biochar in North America","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"SSSA special publication series","topic":"Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":21,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Biochar; Carbon sequestration; Slash-and-char; Amendment; Environmental science; Greenhouse gas; Biomass (ecology); Soil carbon; Charcoal; Soil water; Carbon fibers; Agronomy; Waste management; Chemistry; Soil science; Carbon dioxide; Pyrolysis; Engineering; Materials science; Ecology; Biology","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003028476,0.0001412571,0.0002385511,0.00009525995,0.00006960244,0.00005636701,0.0002364668,0.0002037762,0.0003795089],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00006369074,0.00007228163,0.00003822705,0.0003568673,0.0003923984,0.000155708,0.0001221954,0.0002381991,0.00007768926],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006505904,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003795074,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003148973,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01162235,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987283,0.00003079011,0.0003097622,0.0003311182,0.0004249402,0.0001750434],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987633,0.00007001941,0.0001950717,0.0001156784,0.0007604997,0.00009540505],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002085306,0.0001034343,0.004284658,0.00003524472,0.00002660492,0.000001576793,0.0003265641,0.000001219073,0.001653035,0.5124007,0.01269433,0.468264],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00007756687,0.000231361,0.01885764,0.00000992454,0.00000487691,0.000002371057,0.0002553806,0.00002021017,0.00006725399,0.02823507,0.9520448,0.0001935172],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.2378037,0.001016176,0.000002317545,0.005043464,0.0001522404,0.0009432414,0.0005503618,0.00008102146,0.7544075],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.6332809,0.003877207,0.0002857811,0.0003576699,0.008543836,0.0003269879,0.009756174,0.00002411691,0.3435473],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9393505,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6485544,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04743450646540882,"score_gpt":0.272336301056342,"score_spread":0.2249017945909332,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}