{"id":"W2235155228","doi":"10.1515/1935-1704.1837","title":"Outsourcing and Downstream R&amp;D under Economies of Scale","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The B E Journal of Theoretical Economics","topic":"Global trade and economics","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Toronto Metropolitan University","funders":"","keywords":"Outsourcing; Downstream (manufacturing); Incentive; Economies of scale; Upstream (networking); Competition (biology); Industrial organization; Competitor analysis; Business; Scale (ratio); Knowledge process outsourcing; Exploit; Economics; Microeconomics; Marketing","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002023574,0.0001739489,0.000643286,0.0001403317,0.00007891116,0.00004623503,0.0003924639,0.0001154969,0.000376145],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00009372902,0.0001458462,0.0002028461,0.00005264633,0.0006387446,0.0004218183,0.0001180979,0.0002342912,0.0001293937],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001034621,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001914648,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002161754,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000007239627,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982642,0.00003440181,0.001196092,0.0001261507,0.00001870389,0.0003604405],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9981736,0.0003087945,0.0009672597,0.0003149428,0.0000254163,0.000209971],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008133875,0.00007348131,0.04440379,0.00001497667,0.0001201719,8.509405e-8,0.0006784471,0.001091535,0.00001795666,0.9529787,0.0001377433,0.0004017912],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001165933,0.0001943644,0.0469709,0.0000366424,0.0001122713,0.0002897636,0.001662298,0.0009927625,0.0007120356,0.9352996,0.01210836,0.0004550916],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9786955,0.002242784,0.001626941,0.001554956,0.0005414132,0.00007821193,0.00005294845,0.000005468068,0.01520174],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9962353,0.001825288,0.001235641,0.0003159954,0.0002967061,8.902808e-7,0.000001305761,0.00002321827,0.00006562869],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01767911,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5947437,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03720964609886215,"score_gpt":0.2117369884772223,"score_spread":0.1745273423783601,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}