{"id":"W2238726351","doi":"10.1016/j.jpubeco.2013.10.005","title":"Do Grants to Charities Crowd Out Other Income? Evidence from the UK","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Public Economics","topic":"Nonprofit Sector and Volunteering","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":13,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"Economic and Social Research Council; Barrow Cadbury Trust; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Download; Lottery; Developing country; Crowding out; Demographic economics; Business; Political science; Economics; Labour economics; Public economics; Economic growth; Monetary economics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001584075,0.00008328085,0.0001838584,0.00007407251,0.000250978,0.0007464991,0.000730828,0.0000628889,0.001778181],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0006253921,0.00006028129,0.0001019495,0.00007738727,0.0001060939,0.00112044,0.00006875718,0.0001854398,0.000169574],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001847989,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002290573,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.009754742,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01245932,"domain_scores_codex":[0.99902,0.0001092089,0.0003623379,0.0001026613,0.0001398733,0.0002659633],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987829,0.0004144041,0.0002517151,0.0001639284,0.0001837809,0.0002033137],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000007218118,0.00001460712,0.9588181,0.000003006528,0.00006001999,9.466997e-7,0.02248165,0.00001515291,0.000153088,0.005477767,0.006327988,0.006640502],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004347611,0.0001146839,0.8217502,0.0002481297,0.00002574435,0.000005890849,0.02470219,0.00007398168,0.0002202144,0.02015083,0.131891,0.000382393],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.982854,0.0004390735,0.0002517591,0.01232032,0.001288863,0.0001247824,0.00000682717,0.000008893476,0.002705451],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9961827,0.0002874549,0.0003877961,0.00095503,0.001575218,0.000005231739,1.027989e-7,0.0000106278,0.0005958716],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1370679,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9991343,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1031657139155485,"score_gpt":0.3211733365764599,"score_spread":0.2180076226609113,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}