{"id":"W2257545106","doi":"10.1111/opec.12089","title":"Shale oil boom and the profitability of US petroleum refiners","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"OPEC Energy Review","topic":"Market Dynamics and Volatility","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"","keywords":"Profitability index; Oil shale; Boom; Crack spread; Refinery; Shale oil; Oil refinery; Petroleum; Production (economics); Economics; Crude oil; Petroleum product; Shale oil extraction; Domestic market; Oil-storage trade; Agricultural economics; Monetary economics; Pulp and paper industry; Environmental science; Petroleum engineering; Oil price; Waste management; Finance; Macroeconomics; Chemistry; Engineering; Environmental engineering; International trade","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000361783,0.00009378041,0.0001362414,0.0009304686,0.0001018997,0.0009694189,0.00009430592,0.0002260526,0.001387111],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00193186,0.0000551726,0.0001231644,0.00147245,0.0002287321,0.0005084911,0.0002941038,0.0002427887,0.0002364596],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0007263927,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003681563,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01592373,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01679968,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999841,0.0000288913,0.000009537613,0.00001611756,0.00007355705,0.00003090611],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988301,0.0002376479,0.0005450325,0.00001992044,0.0002947378,0.00007255805],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002054259,0.00006671671,0.8914294,0.000246445,0.0002303678,0.0004963372,0.0004103484,0.009111905,0.001828395,0.02348811,0.009673582,0.06281304],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000006492578,0.00006806068,0.9722726,0.0000840442,0.00003673927,0.0002210396,0.0009947137,0.005255098,0.0007530194,0.003243526,0.01704584,0.00001879552],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9708769,0.01271278,0.0004163781,0.001428649,0.00001888679,0.000005936449,0.0008902904,0.00001012604,0.01364015],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9952354,0.003471023,0.00003883721,0.00003094689,0.00002189902,8.748519e-7,0.0003469132,0.000001347599,0.0008527844],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01592373,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.03166211,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0159298098038795,"score_gpt":0.208214908797744,"score_spread":0.1922850989938645,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}