{"id":"W2261933449","doi":"10.1177/0019793915591990","title":"Returns to Apprenticeship Based on the 2006 Canadian Census","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Industrial and Labor Relations Review","topic":"Education Systems and Policy","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":15,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (Canada)","funders":"","keywords":"Apprenticeship; Certification; Census; Certificate; Instrumental variable; Quantile; Demographic economics; Econometrics; Actuarial science; Business; Economics; Geography; Demography; Computer science; Sociology; Population; Management","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007939296,0.0003467982,0.000510921,0.004183789,0.0008967454,0.001410022,0.0009838186,0.0002260797,0.007507816],"category_scores_gemma":[0.005570078,0.0001665078,0.0006223817,0.006328067,0.0004269854,0.0004017025,0.0007324573,0.0009671398,0.0008396576],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.01614623,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.01948998,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.9899107,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9927088,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981605,0.0001124117,0.00006892448,0.0001520168,0.0009639767,0.0005421775],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9953706,0.0003873345,0.000848853,0.0001582512,0.002491937,0.0007429823],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001939997,0.0001024949,0.8700061,0.0002592169,0.0003013384,0.0001916001,0.0009991438,0.004209958,0.0002618151,0.008145454,0.0620511,0.05327788],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001051179,0.00002541875,0.96439,0.00006548873,0.00004304479,0.00006047402,0.0009966407,0.001499182,0.0001846204,0.0002530703,0.03244867,0.00002284111],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6921325,0.00486122,0.0017624,0.002663291,0.0001581906,0.0002482565,0.2338723,0.0002886761,0.06401323],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8835365,0.004160597,0.001029891,0.0002500002,0.00003969578,0.00006692863,0.07982211,0.000058847,0.03103544],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01614623,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1171497,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.2135683853908326,"score_gpt":0.3818090304310367,"score_spread":0.1682406450402041,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}