{"id":"W2266762729","doi":"10.1080/15305058.2015.1057826","title":"Developing a Validity Argument Through Abductive Reasoning with an Empirical Demonstration of the Latent Class Analysis","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Testing","topic":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","field":"Decision Sciences","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Abductive reasoning; Test (biology); Argument (complex analysis); Psychology; Class (philosophy); Empirical research; Computer science; Latent class model; Cognitive psychology; Empirical evidence; Artificial intelligence; Social psychology; Mathematics education; Natural language processing; Machine learning; Epistemology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.007215058,0.000105304,0.0003173408,0.0004148937,0.00008865364,0.0001709959,0.00102877,0.00004207063,0.0000109213],"category_scores_gemma":[0.06794868,0.00005595946,0.000147818,0.002425856,0.00009148374,0.0005930354,0.0001450725,0.0002305286,9.078845e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002079772,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0004092807,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00007664078,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002285039,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9957125,0.0006047211,0.0009970593,0.0002107803,0.002336496,0.0001384586],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9865242,0.0068156,0.002148016,0.0002162373,0.004211663,0.00008427414],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007231005,0.00004794783,0.9649629,7.471823e-7,0.0002529074,0.00001551817,0.0006857917,0.02209044,0.0001310376,0.0006477346,0.00006195086,0.0110307],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006638151,0.0004855698,0.9168498,0.0001838666,0.0002119164,0.0004663201,0.002960981,0.03074628,0.001515046,0.04555478,0.0002032493,0.0001583927],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7036539,0.00003053196,0.2938888,0.001117067,0.0004894002,0.00003831409,0.000002083735,0.000005969108,0.0007738993],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.6698086,0.000001300306,0.3299562,0.00007730206,0.0001409055,6.081061e-7,4.063648e-7,0.000003173852,0.00001154036],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.06073362,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9399024,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.7377369571260765,"score_gpt":0.5358460428535601,"score_spread":0.2018909142725164,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}