{"id":"W2267061713","doi":"","title":"Zappers: Tax Fraud, Technology and Terrorist Funding","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"Taxation and Compliance Studies","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Cash; Sales tax; Point of sale; Business; Enforcement; Value-added tax; Payment; Income tax; Ad valorem tax; Finance; Commerce; Economics; Law; Double taxation; Market economy; Public economics; Political science","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001671819,0.0003316114,0.0002246536,0.003183326,0.004853611,0.01286669,0.0007445453,0.004820906,0.008387192],"category_scores_gemma":[0.007521088,0.000218848,0.0003299221,0.004974194,0.01028339,0.009558748,0.003405932,0.003856869,0.0007431032],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.007951351,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.004762673,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.02952344,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01824303,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9972361,0.0009819423,0.0000820872,0.000155374,0.0007435007,0.0008010681],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9951361,0.001974969,0.001529268,0.0001672663,0.0005509506,0.0006414773],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003037482,0.00003820991,0.007761126,0.00009055025,0.00001149968,0.0004832004,0.004332441,0.0005295531,0.00003572297,0.8959285,0.05478689,0.03597201],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00002864324,0.00007694237,0.02003226,0.001383819,0.00003401719,0.002012703,0.027565,0.001759924,0.0002863142,0.3687174,0.5780261,0.00007701814],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.09724328,0.07722355,0.003452667,0.2145345,0.001420932,0.00005554153,0.0002981665,0.00007232625,0.6056991],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8989561,0.04667935,0.0006340086,0.01271678,0.001998323,0.00005012097,0.0001079737,0.00002989454,0.03882738],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.02952344,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.05870318,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02788550632986406,"score_gpt":0.2229923061096204,"score_spread":0.1951067997797563,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}