{"id":"W2269810933","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2721920","title":"Arbitrator Behaviour in Asymmetrical Adjudication (Part Two): An Examination of Hypotheses of Bias in Investment Treaty Arbitration","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"International Arbitration and Investment Law","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":32,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"York University","funders":"","keywords":"Adjudication; Treaty; Arbitration; Investment arbitration; Law; Political science; International investment; Foreign direct investment","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002084122,0.0001388312,0.0002073063,0.0009269859,0.0000383219,0.00003968089,0.0001898807,0.00006479111,0.00006523976],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002640539,0.0001053364,0.00006860146,0.0005977091,0.00006255395,0.001555667,0.00001874624,0.000304371,0.00001293417],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000515362,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000352749,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004480176,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003965205,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9980624,0.00008712657,0.0007084019,0.0001920452,0.0004280356,0.0005219711],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989784,0.00006940072,0.0005908819,0.0001226195,0.0002217833,0.00001693096],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007331979,0.000585168,0.05906383,0.00001037633,0.00002015658,0.00000130266,0.00003953933,0.0000180133,0.005761657,0.9285012,0.00001728976,0.005908073],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.005470952,0.0004905485,0.6236852,0.0003003229,0.00007009728,0.00002132905,0.0007946874,0.001989525,0.01240032,0.3535368,0.0008239736,0.0004162012],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9845468,0.0001071765,0.000547712,0.0004482163,0.00009467971,0.0002097119,0.000002276351,0.00001343395,0.01403],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9985747,0.0001492474,0.0000744951,0.0008022953,0.0002395644,0.00001775129,0.00001822532,0.00001472037,0.0001089505],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5749645,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4295492,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03128698707773928,"score_gpt":0.2565371714899012,"score_spread":0.2252501844121619,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}