{"id":"W2270384409","doi":"10.1007/1-4020-2182-8_14","title":"Empiricism: Principles and Problems","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"Kluwer Academic Publishers eBooks","topic":"Philosophy and Theoretical Science","field":"Psychology","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Empiricism; Epistemology; Metaphysics; Simple (philosophy); Philosophy; Ontology; Point (geometry); Mathematics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","research_integrity","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["research_integrity"],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008354677,0.000606089,0.0005879619,0.0003010409,0.0001775734,0.0002466729,0.00102784,0.001911798,0.001252655],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00006293638,0.0005307177,0.0001745542,0.00004353304,0.001536987,0.0003428283,0.0004042078,0.002609798,0.0003242665],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009624151,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00009840577,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00004017631,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000004971495,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9966344,0.00006208636,0.0007367146,0.001187111,0.0005907267,0.0007889724],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9982389,0.0002068433,0.0003878541,0.0006713156,0.00008786682,0.0004072465],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001957298,0.000009291412,0.00004533081,0.00002800219,0.00006702387,0.00003010497,0.0004293061,8.10099e-7,0.00001522096,0.9154499,0.07662599,0.007279511],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002290291,0.00004351087,0.0001131989,0.00008544273,0.00004872169,0.00004586711,0.000008488981,0.000004327919,0.000004025338,0.4764738,0.5225619,0.0003816473],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","genre_scores_codex":[0.0002099338,0.001407603,0.00008350934,0.001125966,0.001060265,0.0005978438,0.00005140341,0.0002550618,0.9952084],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.04720203,0.00001136226,0.00005558019,0.00169599,0.0008710264,0.00006972367,0.0000365934,0.0001066148,0.9499511],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4459359,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9997144,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.05688839576203574,"score_gpt":0.2862664008440152,"score_spread":0.2293780050819794,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}