{"id":"W2271963175","doi":"10.1302/2046-3758.412.2000433","title":"Spectrum bias, a common unrecognised issue in orthopaedic agreement studies","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Bone and Joint Research","topic":"Reliability and Agreement in Measurement","field":"Decision Sciences","cited_by":9,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"ZonMw; NuVasive; Achmea; Amgen; Stryker; Sanofi; Eli Lilly and Company","keywords":"Medicine; Radiography; Radiology; Kappa; Population; Nuclear medicine; Orthodontics; Surgery; Mathematics; Geometry","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["metaresearch"],"category_scores_codex":[0.05232571,0.0001620728,0.0005524143,0.0008021666,0.0002154692,0.0002653316,0.0002864412,0.00007139514,0.0003532278],"category_scores_gemma":[0.008576917,0.0001067672,0.00008845195,0.001296549,0.00038291,0.00021035,0.0005986192,0.0004764672,0.0008409419],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002020867,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002017539,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0006477936,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003275117,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9916372,0.001543776,0.001034873,0.0006537386,0.004500933,0.0006295191],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9969872,0.00119394,0.0001215614,0.0006498942,0.0007288771,0.0003185799],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0005543593,0.00115475,0.3652088,0.0001397485,0.00009103648,0.000358653,0.01004458,0.00008872539,0.0009359266,0.001771606,0.4228255,0.1968263],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.005462528,0.002496431,0.1698207,0.0005181017,0.00001811131,0.00002660232,0.06112365,0.001185067,0.002990784,0.3351632,0.4205607,0.000634197],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9559276,0.006000456,0.00002494688,0.02500091,0.0002760934,0.0007910292,0.000004599396,0.00001745062,0.01195689],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9927696,0.0009962925,0.0002319114,0.0002631897,0.0001722242,0.00006930794,0.000002237256,0.000007473144,0.00548774],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3333916,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.999937,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.7498127583013002,"score_gpt":0.527483675786595,"score_spread":0.2223290825147052,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}