{"id":"W2272495316","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2166091","title":"Impact of Government Investments in Research &amp; Innovation: A Review of Academic Investigations","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"Innovation Policy and R&D","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"","keywords":"Government (linguistics); Business; Economics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.01406271,0.0002561011,0.001549684,0.001330172,0.00007673215,0.00001112872,0.000555924,0.0003397699,0.0001861172],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001103112,0.0002308396,0.0003623182,0.004260421,0.0001553869,0.0002697637,0.00009646928,0.004599814,0.0001143629],"about_ca_system_candidate":true,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.004488598,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.003608843,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001627937,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00003320849,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9945194,0.0002170577,0.003247608,0.0002454082,0.0002540705,0.001516507],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9961132,0.000119591,0.00311884,0.0003743713,0.0002083673,0.00006563523],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000002565348,0.0001099108,0.001492946,0.01140676,0.0002675546,1.377195e-7,0.00006987782,7.679574e-7,3.41423e-7,0.9299741,0.0006170713,0.05605801],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002457947,0.0001128059,0.0003496617,0.02048758,0.00005848414,0.00006906995,0.0000159265,7.001586e-7,4.501915e-7,0.278595,0.6998305,0.0002340602],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0003908652,0.9955704,0.00007334427,0.00020177,0.0001123454,0.0005389618,0.0001912842,0.000003100821,0.002917892],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.001108378,0.9972231,0.00007104268,0.00009476818,0.000208498,0.00005069116,0.00007333435,0.00003685408,0.001133281],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6992134,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.999333,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.3541594684429893,"score_gpt":0.4595351817423129,"score_spread":0.1053757132993236,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}