{"id":"W2280527828","doi":"10.1038/ncomms10698","title":"Fear of large carnivores causes a trophic cascade","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Nature Communications","topic":"Wildlife Ecology and Conservation","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":481,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Raincoast Conservation Foundation; Simon Fraser University; University of Victoria; Western University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Parks Canada","keywords":"Carnivore; Trophic cascade; Predation; Foraging; Herbivore; Apex predator; Ecology; Trophic level; Ecosystem; Biology; Food web","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001445753,0.00005421323,0.00007377125,0.00002360251,0.0001605286,0.000002746046,0.0005636963,0.0001651162,0.0004759999],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001936536,0.00003814735,0.00003382169,0.0001558867,0.0002389781,0.000114651,0.0002811759,0.0002117762,0.0001905622],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004644534,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001412995,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006814074,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002807922,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994767,0.0001065776,0.0001194096,0.00009687854,0.00008939255,0.0001110665],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988017,0.0002362146,0.00007396409,0.0008438765,0.0000156862,0.00002852284],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000006765727,0.00009928947,0.9703453,0.000001463486,0.0000129871,4.327798e-7,0.0001771129,0.000002981981,0.00550844,0.01047845,0.01265264,0.000714098],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001849609,0.00001684741,0.9199394,0.000009178975,0.00001173785,0.0000023102,0.00002835515,0.00003506344,0.0005936741,0.0006247996,0.07849697,0.00005669676],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9779038,0.0006347959,0.00006093821,0.01597877,0.00006563028,0.000113519,0.00002658947,0.00003505904,0.005180853],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9972378,0.000243544,0.001107173,0.0006703094,0.00001084885,0.00001948894,0.000007136213,0.000005226223,0.0006984903],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.06584433,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5211865,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01313120969435369,"score_gpt":0.2723385751292631,"score_spread":0.2592073654349095,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}