{"id":"W2280527828","doi":"10.1038/ncomms10698","title":"Fear of large carnivores causes a trophic cascade","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Nature Communications","topic":"Wildlife Ecology and Conservation","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":481,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Raincoast Conservation Foundation; Simon Fraser University; University of Victoria; Western University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Parks Canada","keywords":"Carnivore; Trophic cascade; Predation; Foraging; Herbivore; Apex predator; Ecology; Trophic level; Ecosystem; Biology; Food web","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001487804,0.0002483499,0.0001997449,0.0001911324,0.0002839015,0.00040052,0.0001727067,0.0003269444,0.003426585],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005010582,0.0001488549,0.0002528204,0.0000446697,0.0005082754,0.0002100523,0.000573307,0.0005929221,0.0001390438],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004513767,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002841815,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002209749,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004633902,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998759,0.00001940578,0.00000626573,0.00003492554,0.0000296496,0.00003369823],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995819,0.00007712494,0.0001114698,0.00005087517,0.00003764969,0.0001411128],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0008584067,0.0005553263,0.0926493,0.0001441339,0.0001602025,0.0008453897,0.0005241586,0.0009996926,0.8856611,0.00088788,0.0008385705,0.01587601],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00005102685,0.002945677,0.919125,0.00004357679,0.0002110384,0.001324355,0.0008286668,0.005844626,0.06459375,0.002946889,0.002022717,0.00006253224],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9976339,0.00004911764,0.0003747311,0.00008496946,0.000007380174,0.000009318565,0.00002632854,0.00002898535,0.001785193],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.999092,0.0000354483,0.0002900932,0.0001073202,0.000003353907,0.000008878352,0.00002168946,0.000003503764,0.0004376945],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.003426585,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01146305,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01313120969435369,"score_gpt":0.2723385751292631,"score_spread":0.2592073654349095,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}