{"id":"W2280568119","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00110","title":"Evaluating Individual Students' Perceptions of Instructional Quality: An Investigation of their Factor Structure, Measurement Invariance, and Relations to Educational Outcomes","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Psychology","topic":"School Choice and Performance","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":127,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Structural equation modeling; Confirmatory factor analysis; Psychology; Measurement invariance; Perception; Quality (philosophy); Perspective (graphical); Latent variable; Exploratory factor analysis; Scale (ratio); Mathematics education; Social psychology; Statistics; Computer science; Mathematics; Artificial intelligence","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.008467702,0.0003229444,0.0004885282,0.001680258,0.0003183311,0.001030384,0.0003225703,0.0002731859,0.0007736735],"category_scores_gemma":[0.02727203,0.0001260401,0.0006044708,0.001702175,0.0007346201,0.0007685221,0.000772839,0.0006082168,0.0001102935],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005581258,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000781728,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003505862,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004542171,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9977962,0.0009672691,0.0001795267,0.0002613319,0.0006818204,0.0001139226],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9807303,0.01207481,0.003210982,0.00149351,0.001750111,0.0007403737],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006841579,0.000118344,0.9736439,0.00002797966,0.000129046,0.0000111659,0.002437163,0.0005657954,0.0005862971,0.0002337887,0.00004212873,0.0221359],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001116522,0.0003573403,0.9903196,0.00001864176,0.00007212818,0.00002509877,0.00202054,0.005432141,0.0009327651,0.0006292023,0.000166028,0.00001536807],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9981104,0.00002515362,0.001568858,0.00001387423,0.000001306817,0.0000140268,0.00002782412,0.000006802422,0.0002318066],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9987504,0.00001829808,0.001118922,0.000003152299,0.000001064642,0.00001564851,0.00004405569,0.000002127138,0.0000463611],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.008467702,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.04478204,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1472198940204979,"score_gpt":0.4567834909797826,"score_spread":0.3095635969592847,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}