{"id":"W2281120889","doi":"10.1504/ijics.2015.073028","title":"Application-layer denial of service attacks: taxonomy and survey","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Information and Computer Security","topic":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":36,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of New Brunswick","funders":"","keywords":"Computer science; Denial-of-service attack; Computer security; Terminology; Taxonomy (biology); Software deployment; Application layer; Network security; Layer (electronics); Network layer; Service layer; World Wide Web; The Internet; Software engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007714127,0.00008325109,0.000144791,0.00019917,0.00003403195,0.0001893831,0.000478563,0.00005481583,0.000003570406],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003717138,0.00007542322,0.0000317885,0.0001743772,0.00003010727,0.002265733,0.0002486218,0.000137733,0.00000588871],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000309699,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00009069907,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001341385,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00004950377,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998829,0.00007281291,0.0005469404,0.00007543925,0.0004019348,0.00007389244],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9975533,0.00007754431,0.000554473,0.0001070671,0.001588212,0.0001194131],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0007034579,0.0003567718,0.03169428,0.0001072102,0.0003944832,0.00001138953,0.01808847,0.002540364,0.00006049975,0.1149526,0.0175068,0.8135837],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002548884,0.0003697856,0.0430883,0.00007887223,0.00001115581,0.0006569222,0.0001234586,0.8485405,0.0006204923,0.009373902,0.09433004,0.0002576406],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.2047116,0.0000899193,0.7930778,0.0008966805,0.0009273661,0.00008789633,0.000006925723,0.0000141245,0.0001876842],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9867731,0.000069323,0.01182718,0.001102593,0.0002149958,0.000002503405,0.000007334035,0.000001787476,0.000001192059],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8460002,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.307567,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02600492095182027,"score_gpt":0.2540282779143303,"score_spread":0.22802335696251,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}