{"id":"W2286395315","doi":"","title":"A Wobbly Balance? A Comparison of Proportionality Testing in Canada, the United States, the European Union and the World Trade Organization","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"European and International Law Studies","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Ottawa","funders":"","keywords":"Proportionality (law); European union; International trade; World trade; Balance (ability); Economics; International economics; Political science; Law; Psychology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.01069579,0.00005942624,0.00008732376,0.00003817866,0.000688566,0.00003804804,0.0002562988,0.000006842856,0.000005041896],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00055706,0.00002891164,0.00001482334,0.0007110438,0.0003007439,0.00005328518,0.00002906936,0.0006312481,4.171554e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0006698513,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001367577,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.471473,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9815236,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9976372,0.001143805,0.0003068919,0.00006909304,0.0003579018,0.0004851423],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989967,0.0005277971,0.0002509113,0.00005598418,0.0001456902,0.00002293112],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002897403,0.00003149257,0.3841879,0.000002464503,0.00005824769,0.000001972328,0.00679812,0.0003351881,0.00001407787,0.6010389,0.000471557,0.007031098],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008452442,0.00004313505,0.891505,0.00004953645,0.00002771341,0.0000254761,0.05346743,0.0005887236,0.00002131588,0.02190862,0.03140557,0.0001122383],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9396267,0.001509968,0.000993492,0.03151916,0.0001283886,0.0002729936,0.000002976881,0.00001190209,0.02593442],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9986762,0.0005579545,0.000008076108,0.000258793,0.0001271406,4.108541e-7,0.000003376864,0.000006511463,0.0003615262],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5791303,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5320465,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01826312742407844,"score_gpt":0.2744032137753753,"score_spread":0.2561400863512969,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}