{"id":"W2293178099","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2016.02.032","title":"Biodiesel production using heterogeneous catalysts including wood ash and the importance of enhancing byproduct glycerol purity","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Energy Conversion and Management","topic":"Biodiesel Production and Applications","field":"Engineering","cited_by":141,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Lakehead University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; U.S. Department of Energy","keywords":"Transesterification; Biodiesel; Glycerol; Biodiesel production; Methanol; Catalysis; Chemistry; Sodium hydroxide; Sodium methoxide; Pulp and paper industry; Diesel fuel; Fatty acid methyl ester; Biofuel; Calcination; Organic chemistry; Vegetable oil; Chemical engineering; Waste management","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002160425,0.00011369,0.0001323881,0.00007624865,0.0001635768,0.00001522868,0.000070832,0.00003008453,0.00001070328],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001179853,0.00007453182,0.00002808749,0.0001278079,0.0001559608,0.0001010309,0.0001281088,0.00003470424,0.000001769186],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003816044,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000003272059,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003346058,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002879224,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992902,0.00002335308,0.0001898485,0.0002583806,0.0001070528,0.0001311814],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995946,0.0000146984,0.00006153464,0.0002590313,0.00003121742,0.00003894177],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0006287608,0.0002909107,0.003422526,0.003240288,0.002058823,0.00001990359,0.003377981,0.004297209,0.6384268,0.0655736,0.02787537,0.2507878],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003257309,0.00004298586,0.0009433583,0.0002259702,0.0002616215,0.0000633318,0.0008558996,0.005068985,0.8555117,0.00141366,0.1317305,0.000624681],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9841638,0.002760002,0.006881693,0.004031642,0.0006846277,0.0004595296,0.000006198326,0.0001891014,0.0008234095],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9955031,0.003655848,0.0003428156,0.00006790295,0.00007148084,0.00002480667,0.000002526918,0.000010133,0.0003213291],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2501632,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.303932,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01457190926832855,"score_gpt":0.2132516716274305,"score_spread":0.198679762359102,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}