{"id":"W2293178099","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2016.02.032","title":"Biodiesel production using heterogeneous catalysts including wood ash and the importance of enhancing byproduct glycerol purity","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Energy Conversion and Management","topic":"Biodiesel Production and Applications","field":"Engineering","cited_by":141,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Lakehead University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; U.S. Department of Energy","keywords":"Transesterification; Biodiesel; Glycerol; Biodiesel production; Methanol; Catalysis; Chemistry; Sodium hydroxide; Sodium methoxide; Pulp and paper industry; Diesel fuel; Fatty acid methyl ester; Biofuel; Calcination; Organic chemistry; Vegetable oil; Chemical engineering; Waste management","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002247721,0.0003480638,0.0001779417,0.0002896804,0.0002323264,0.0008495002,0.0003809725,0.0003237885,0.000596463],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002667615,0.0001882429,0.0002599477,0.0002824889,0.000309729,0.0009975595,0.0003505868,0.0005107591,0.0002237387],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004133033,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002817409,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001765321,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004142542,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999869,0.00001767764,0.00001092106,0.00002556884,0.0000435842,0.0000331268],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9999307,0.00002278287,0.000008737229,0.000008517056,0.0000205684,0.000008626794],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002969729,0.0001102058,0.0009960695,0.0001640841,0.00002872912,0.0001074049,0.00002867121,0.001337886,0.9764835,0.002132906,0.00008866587,0.01822489],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00000547167,0.00004268184,0.0003254316,0.000003941803,0.0000160194,0.00002171352,0.00001854778,0.00183298,0.9967781,0.0001245142,0.0008277145,0.000002898907],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9813783,0.004380792,0.009801389,0.0002620902,0.00006107082,0.00001818418,0.00007453893,0.00004766876,0.003976],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9945509,0.001539129,0.002466622,0.0000251971,0.000007875038,0.000003164786,0.00007997431,0.00001365284,0.001313657],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.001765321,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.003510058,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01457190926832855,"score_gpt":0.2132516716274305,"score_spread":0.198679762359102,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}