{"id":"W2313063547","doi":"10.1021/es501791b","title":"Black Carbon Emissions in Gasoline Exhaust and a Reduction Alternative with a Gasoline Particulate Filter","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Environmental Science & Technology","topic":"Vehicle emissions and performance","field":"Engineering","cited_by":98,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Environment and Climate Change Canada","funders":"Government of Canada","keywords":"Gasoline; Particulates; Gasoline direct injection; Driving cycle; Environmental science; Particle number; Cold start (automotive); Carbon black; Waste management; Chemistry; Environmental engineering; Volume (thermodynamics); Engineering; Automotive engineering; Physics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001966734,0.0004034531,0.0002724397,0.00051038,0.0002991525,0.0004678437,0.0004903759,0.0005285683,0.000842064],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001203519,0.0001463905,0.0004592096,0.0003496145,0.0002079136,0.0003805658,0.0001608434,0.0002238266,0.000217184],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005829472,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002862956,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01021585,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01961827,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9997762,0.0000222865,0.000008579003,0.00004693745,0.0001060079,0.00004008881],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9999384,0.000009011132,0.0000121665,0.000004735996,0.0000298475,0.000005970889],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001902537,0.0006797983,0.0138956,0.0002808898,0.0001055495,0.0004816742,0.00009224203,0.006843396,0.9388275,0.0003795415,0.0003265726,0.03618464],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00005222319,0.002344334,0.03322291,0.00002163859,0.0001360356,0.0001948072,0.0001460844,0.008014141,0.9520938,0.0001149394,0.003619211,0.00003984686],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9975513,0.0003461789,0.0007201044,0.00002155708,0.000009368458,0.00001843228,0.00007791833,0.00002308163,0.001232057],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9965699,0.0002748103,0.001258729,0.00001877115,0.000003761663,0.0000149451,0.0001673845,0.000006455958,0.001685312],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01021585,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.02031279,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.004522211235940386,"score_gpt":0.1951694866324312,"score_spread":0.1906472753964908,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}