{"id":"W2314421184","doi":"10.1021/bi301554h","title":"Interactions of Glycine Betaine with Proteins: Insights from Volume and Compressibility Measurements","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Biochemistry","topic":"Surfactants and Colloidal Systems","field":"Chemistry","cited_by":29,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","keywords":"Chemistry; Globular protein; Osmolyte; Thermodynamics; Compressibility; Lysozyme; Solvation; Betaine; Molecule; Crystallography; Chemical physics; Biochemistry; Organic chemistry; Physics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0000276671,0.0001622297,0.0002344879,0.00001119898,0.00005561154,0.00003600865,0.0001335801,0.00008456453,0.001284759],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003564291,0.0001230906,0.000034753,0.00006308233,0.00009150963,0.00009964009,0.00005607193,0.0001168675,0.00001031911],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004298435,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003958445,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001625196,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00003343886,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999037,0.00001038849,0.0002762542,0.0003074852,0.0002384582,0.0001304572],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991259,0.00002521583,0.0001714741,0.000405393,0.0001660391,0.0001059914],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004735166,0.0001148793,0.06042259,0.0001601516,0.00009876546,9.497088e-7,0.0000623184,7.355513e-7,0.9382581,5.856345e-7,0.0001796889,0.000653862],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006827676,0.00001888487,0.0121883,0.0002567459,0.00003284092,0.000003898075,0.0002955797,0.0001924192,0.985451,0.00004126576,0.0006712848,0.0001650362],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.990316,0.0006176137,0.00002077256,0.00004383324,0.00002687469,0.0001446011,0.00004683642,0.00003766701,0.008745828],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9976148,0.000002738582,0.0003083021,0.00000951962,0.00008883266,0.0000665337,0.00004219103,0.0000139444,0.001853141],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.04823429,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9996282,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01577726501505035,"score_gpt":0.2132155981210613,"score_spread":0.1974383331060109,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}