{"id":"W2320400291","doi":"10.2147/ceor.s101013","title":"Designing economic evaluations to facilitate optimal decisions: the need to avoid bias","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"ClinicoEconomics and Outcomes Research","topic":"Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Ottawa; Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health","funders":"","keywords":"Agency (philosophy); Argument (complex analysis); Economic evaluation; Actuarial science; External validity; Public economics; Medicine; Operations research; Positive economics; Economics; Sociology; Psychology; Social science; Microeconomics; Social psychology; Engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["metaresearch","insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.06586735,0.0003405682,0.001277568,0.001065089,0.0009386404,0.0004734412,0.001062164,0.0002097559,0.0009407129],"category_scores_gemma":[0.03046669,0.000271763,0.0002617807,0.0002777487,0.0002756388,0.0005595845,0.0006296303,0.000395316,0.02696493],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001230201,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0005064451,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0006198162,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0004966243,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9914448,0.001093502,0.004810441,0.001331976,0.0001847432,0.001134595],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9696142,0.02707761,0.0007738324,0.00147217,0.0001913235,0.0008708661],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004293066,0.0002576804,0.4187689,0.0001280227,0.0006234174,0.000004142852,0.01366624,0.01189866,0.00008220501,0.253637,0.2565783,0.04392614],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.004663725,0.001147246,0.2113905,0.0003680417,0.00002712986,0.00001400809,0.01145515,0.01116712,0.00008456339,0.09694628,0.660962,0.001774152],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7321231,0.0004960037,0.01748937,0.2437996,0.0009385464,0.002300793,0.0006054947,0.00005406107,0.002193019],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9399725,0.001144905,0.01679594,0.02764434,0.0007179629,0.001235673,0.00001915637,0.0001379251,0.01233155],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4043838,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999735,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.8023725701622225,"score_gpt":0.5985496615594716,"score_spread":0.2038229086027509,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}