{"id":"W2322877944","doi":"10.1088/1748-0221/11/05/p05013","title":"Beam-induced and cosmic-ray backgrounds observed in the ATLAS detector during the LHC 2012 proton-proton running period","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Instrumentation","topic":"Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":23,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University; University of British Columbia; York University; TRIUMF; Carleton University; University of Victoria; McGill University; University of Toronto; University of Alberta; Université de Montréal; Institute of Particle Physics","funders":"H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions; Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules; Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia; Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung; Science and Technology Facilities Council; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Fondation Partager le Savoir; European Social Fund; Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique et Technique; Georgian National Science Foundation; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; National Research Center \"Kurchatov Institute\"; British Columbia Knowledge Development Fund; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Max-Planck-Gesellschaft; Israel Science Foundation; U.S. Department of Energy; Israeli Centers for Research Excellence; Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica; Türkiye Atom Enerjisi Kurumu; Joint Institute for Nuclear Research; Ministerstwo Edukacji i Nauki; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico; Bundesministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Wirtschaft; Generalitat de Catalunya; Generalitat Valenciana; Fonds Québécois de la Recherche sur la Nature et les Technologies; Austrian Science Fund; Ontario Innovation Trust; National Natural Science Foundation of China; European Commission; Leverhulme Trust; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo; Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Agence Nationale de la Recherche; Services Fédéraux des Affaires Scientifiques, Techniques et Culturelles; Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India; General Secretariat for Research and Technology; National Science Foundation; Compute Canada; Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung; TRIUMF; Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (COLCIENCIAS); CERN; Danmarks Grundforskningsfond; Canarie","keywords":"Physics; Cosmic ray; Large Hadron Collider; Muon; Proton; Nuclear physics; Beam (structure); Bunches; Atlas (anatomy); Detector; Monte Carlo method; COSMIC cancer database; Astrophysics; Optics; Electron","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005153229,0.000379485,0.0005758656,0.001699968,0.0005929696,0.0008804217,0.0003874141,0.0003352408,0.0007633956],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001117288,0.0002188939,0.0002596467,0.001877574,0.0002686188,0.0003352047,0.0008413118,0.000332185,0.0002497502],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0009785588,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002419976,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.005698894,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.009059519,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993929,0.00007189134,0.00003184523,0.0001335976,0.0002590357,0.0001108307],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990407,0.0002041746,0.000266769,0.00009254376,0.000228752,0.0001669989],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.004323695,0.0001574202,0.8522559,0.0002565129,0.0002606577,0.002409033,0.002576571,0.009697655,0.07870893,0.001479343,0.002639171,0.04523503],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001507573,0.0002349022,0.9657788,0.00001379561,0.00007754331,0.0008915861,0.0003568926,0.005181271,0.02495689,0.0001580023,0.002280889,0.00005435252],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9964725,0.0002094958,0.0006422307,0.0000274358,0.000006415483,0.000004856897,0.0009930371,0.0001726541,0.001471424],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.997724,0.00007507543,0.0004005109,0.00001357404,0.000009728383,0.000004721008,0.001240743,0.0000359346,0.000495676],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.005698894,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01133144,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02227606511505389,"score_gpt":0.2688134767049055,"score_spread":0.2465374115898516,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). 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