{"id":"W2324290135","doi":"10.1021/es5045387","title":"Life Cycle Air Emissions Impacts and Ownership Costs of Light-Duty Vehicles Using Natural Gas As a Primary Energy Source","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Environmental Science & Technology","topic":"Energy, Environment, and Transportation Policies","field":"Energy","cited_by":17,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"AUTO21 Network of Centres of Excellence; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Government of Canada; General Motors Corporation","keywords":"Compressed natural gas; Life-cycle assessment; Natural gas; Greenhouse gas; Environmental science; Electricity; Gasoline; Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent; Battery electric vehicle; Green vehicle; Automotive engineering; Engineering; Environmental engineering; Waste management; Electric vehicle; Fuel efficiency; Power (physics); Economics; Production (economics)","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002337341,0.0002373028,0.0002666632,0.0004220222,0.0002812877,0.00001754901,0.0004224377,0.0001919608,0.00003980453],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001098369,0.0002056504,0.00005247828,0.0005487489,0.002308036,0.0003578765,0.000219216,0.000189205,0.00001476413],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003889071,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001312426,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0009575573,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001073278,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9980915,0.00003903135,0.0003244888,0.0004816734,0.0005257075,0.0005376656],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988868,0.00003326938,0.0001989671,0.0003928372,0.000008500995,0.0004796019],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005039724,0.000279549,0.02373131,0.000009798886,0.0000301814,0.00001639357,0.001035017,0.008032718,0.9386843,0.01466312,0.00004858902,0.01341864],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002247351,0.0004461732,0.07174297,0.0001081243,0.00009228864,0.0001845212,0.006862667,0.002340486,0.8807058,0.006972322,0.02737798,0.0009193622],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9953821,0.001173973,0.00009280695,0.001149909,0.00008822303,0.00007194084,0.000006691774,0.0001103309,0.001924048],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9982117,0.0002516297,0.0005639753,0.0006278713,0.00003116069,0.00000967275,0.00001183771,0.00002586536,0.0002662249],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.05797853,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8504056,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.009397765764241187,"score_gpt":0.2264170942346753,"score_spread":0.2170193284704341,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}