{"id":"W2332912277","doi":"10.1109/jsyst.2014.2341597","title":"Detecting Stealthy False Data Injection Using Machine Learning in Smart Grid","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"IEEE Systems Journal","topic":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","field":"Engineering","cited_by":583,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"","keywords":"Computer science; Smart grid; Support vector machine; Data mining; Artificial intelligence; Principal component analysis; Grid; Curse of dimensionality; Machine learning; Real-time computing; Engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001975677,0.0001506499,0.0002440219,0.0002619404,0.0002817417,0.0001512934,0.0003113785,0.000106552,0.000004619937],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001672702,0.0001417489,0.00003479249,0.0002670996,0.00001766362,0.0004526512,0.00004205177,0.001030016,0.00001526513],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001592842,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003300759,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0006153667,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0006590891,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984086,0.0002896285,0.0004931825,0.00018669,0.0002624089,0.0003595161],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993446,0.0001036152,0.0001323386,0.0002585671,0.00003906542,0.0001217896],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000008517515,0.000008254506,0.02317099,0.0001282391,0.00001624984,0.00002004942,0.0003854648,0.9661353,0.008384801,0.000002512619,0.00008926991,0.001650374],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003657987,0.00005199045,0.001080769,0.0003238883,0.000009363833,0.001708796,0.0001988434,0.9904342,0.0004416655,0.000008071269,0.005197513,0.0001791355],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.953251,0.00140143,0.0358528,0.00001099552,0.009069516,0.0001055615,0.000004426737,0.0001319586,0.0001723265],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9975265,0.00008184012,0.0002033329,0.000009390437,0.002123858,0.000001569306,0.000003190883,0.00003143258,0.00001892754],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.04427547,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5780352,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03374401342348854,"score_gpt":0.2573155940010772,"score_spread":0.2235715805775886,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}