{"id":"W2335406757","doi":"10.1021/ar5000715","title":"A Pinch of Salt Is All It Takes: Chemistry at the Frozen Water Surface","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Accounts of Chemical Research","topic":"Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":42,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"The Scarborough Hospital; University of Toronto","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences","keywords":"Chemistry; Snow; Atmospheric chemistry; Chemical physics; Adsorption; Ultrapure water; Atmosphere (unit); Surface water; Ozone; Meteorology; Nanotechnology; Physical chemistry; Materials science; Organic chemistry; Environmental science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001220407,0.0001369294,0.0002451779,0.000003264582,0.00008686992,0.00003099777,0.000883275,0.0001661258,0.0177303],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000389985,0.00007904622,0.00009061456,0.0001657788,0.0006395814,0.00009643321,0.0001157149,0.0003787915,0.0003101976],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001333529,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005828564,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001005025,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000205811,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9977227,0.00005588789,0.000322284,0.0003196748,0.001028524,0.0005509232],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9982486,0.0007758349,0.00007091145,0.0005443224,0.000217044,0.0001433295],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001285695,0.00003380442,0.01244566,0.0001540544,0.00003301989,0.000001374132,0.0004132954,0.00004350707,0.9627251,0.00000138311,0.02286543,0.001154772],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002298225,0.00002267455,0.0006900367,0.00003285786,0.00000683564,0.000003720042,0.0001165553,0.0004933257,0.9663424,0.0002407122,0.03171791,0.0001031392],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9734899,0.0001699332,0.000003115798,0.002365066,0.00002162908,0.0001004353,0.00006413511,0.000008687324,0.02377712],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9963452,0.00003591605,0.0001294699,0.0002316565,0.0001090204,0.000001332446,0.00007867431,0.000005829084,0.003062947],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02285527,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9831676,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0410760049985182,"score_gpt":0.3035931760659396,"score_spread":0.2625171710674213,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}