{"id":"W2335406757","doi":"10.1021/ar5000715","title":"A Pinch of Salt Is All It Takes: Chemistry at the Frozen Water Surface","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Accounts of Chemical Research","topic":"Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":42,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"The Scarborough Hospital; University of Toronto","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences","keywords":"Chemistry; Snow; Atmospheric chemistry; Chemical physics; Adsorption; Ultrapure water; Atmosphere (unit); Surface water; Ozone; Meteorology; Nanotechnology; Physical chemistry; Materials science; Organic chemistry; Environmental science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008329433,0.0004923933,0.0007766863,0.000389182,0.001444074,0.003319951,0.0009099417,0.001380756,0.003212071],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001477144,0.000321148,0.0006165531,0.0003729014,0.004934416,0.01207252,0.002310919,0.003483408,0.001058247],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00094681,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000839092,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002588615,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003486175,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9995303,0.00007117235,0.00002373187,0.0001162697,0.0001733186,0.00008517532],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994606,0.0001251139,0.00007896752,0.00009048855,0.0001528085,0.00009192791],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001227863,0.0001335181,0.02575456,0.002413629,0.0004155551,0.00396988,0.009393878,0.003286332,0.6212085,0.1219918,0.01771881,0.1924857],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00005991187,0.001225966,0.02978564,0.001772716,0.0003467979,0.002879492,0.02541429,0.003983493,0.288585,0.2943984,0.3509485,0.0005998294],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.627275,0.081093,0.0801646,0.1412376,0.01151747,0.00008032544,0.0008451007,0.0009539452,0.05683305],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.924408,0.02694822,0.0130777,0.01619501,0.001008851,0.0000317205,0.0002462536,0.0003605677,0.01772374],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.003319951,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01074541,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0410760049985182,"score_gpt":0.3035931760659396,"score_spread":0.2625171710674213,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}