{"id":"W2335839841","doi":"10.5539/jel.v5n3p10","title":"The Effect of Manipulatives on Mathematics Achievement and Attitudes of Secondary School Students","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Education and Learning","topic":"Education and Technology Integration","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":38,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Mathematics education; Academic achievement; Achievement test; Test (biology); Psychology; Student achievement; Standardized test","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001236755,0.00003608729,0.00008762974,0.00007719352,0.0001870797,0.0000209414,0.00007651535,0.00003127168,0.00004818411],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00113325,0.00001842201,0.0000206672,0.0000515631,0.0001375569,0.00008758986,0.000008786752,0.0001305068,9.452447e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000276795,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001103696,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001311511,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000180548,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993652,0.0001933913,0.000197003,0.00003583909,0.0001634404,0.00004517456],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988799,0.0005634307,0.0003771104,0.00003760024,0.0001078925,0.0000340506],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003043778,0.0001764727,0.8511841,0.00003510744,0.0000537072,6.155759e-8,0.0112708,0.000001003014,0.001985159,0.01900464,0.000242915,0.1160156],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004710446,0.0009136847,0.9395605,0.0004885639,0.00003375808,0.000003662627,0.0462301,0.00000152002,0.00309922,0.001233428,0.007910516,0.00005397037],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.995595,0.0002762401,0.00005006579,0.002526243,0.0001673871,0.00006654727,1.052944e-7,0.000002570748,0.001315811],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.997861,0.0003987145,0.0001890704,0.00001680797,0.00004673024,0.000001818262,9.564703e-8,0.000002060092,0.001483733],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1159617,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1438885,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01589584798219843,"score_gpt":0.3763921764863,"score_spread":0.3604963285041016,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}