{"id":"W2335839841","doi":"10.5539/jel.v5n3p10","title":"The Effect of Manipulatives on Mathematics Achievement and Attitudes of Secondary School Students","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Education and Learning","topic":"Education and Technology Integration","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":38,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Mathematics education; Academic achievement; Achievement test; Test (biology); Psychology; Student achievement; Standardized test","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003702678,0.0004271934,0.0003732088,0.000359429,0.0004504443,0.0005693714,0.0002165596,0.0004132798,0.002250489],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002277947,0.000158169,0.0004363498,0.0001740994,0.0003405446,0.0001984769,0.0004118043,0.0006011955,0.0002875156],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001520793,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002558146,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0007693769,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001113637,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9995257,0.000120295,0.00003812762,0.00006573616,0.0001729326,0.0000772741],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9980103,0.0004266282,0.0007474173,0.0001464979,0.0001788625,0.0004903651],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.007090581,0.0510319,0.7158264,0.0006311036,0.0004835042,0.001154704,0.006724232,0.0003832249,0.09726027,0.0004292165,0.0006896118,0.1182953],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00008233483,0.01333853,0.9775286,0.00003340756,0.0001244159,0.0001551184,0.001843744,0.0002442387,0.005599267,0.0001345892,0.0008948359,0.00002092084],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.999546,0.00006228081,0.00001858648,0.00002001583,0.00000397933,0.000004413219,0.000006748603,0.000002481695,0.0003354432],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.999042,0.0001259615,0.0001601089,0.00002422546,0.000007936738,0.00001042714,0.00002101007,0.000001220472,0.0006070082],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.002250489,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.007528663,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01589584798219843,"score_gpt":0.3763921764863,"score_spread":0.3604963285041016,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}