{"id":"W2337454570","doi":"10.1038/ajg.2015.210","title":"Understanding and Avoiding Immortal-Time Bias in Gastrointestinal Observational Research","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The American Journal of Gastroenterology","topic":"Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":69,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Jewish General Hospital; University of Manitoba","funders":"","keywords":"Medicine; Observational study; Adverse effect; Mechanism (biology); Medical literature; MEDLINE; Information bias; Intensive care medicine; Selection bias; Internal medicine; Pathology; Epistemology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":["metaresearch"],"category_scores_codex":[0.3725105,0.001192038,0.003318402,0.004267211,0.002057038,0.004843166,0.003982879,0.005010524,0.001479208],"category_scores_gemma":[0.7386029,0.001300822,0.002751234,0.006264913,0.01074935,0.01041868,0.007336757,0.008213227,0.0004183823],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002933791,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.006569815,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.005457553,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003770262,"domain_scores_codex":[0.683896,0.2758569,0.01510405,0.009747319,0.01326754,0.00212825],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.2064671,0.6743586,0.04527843,0.05978375,0.01282538,0.001286763],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":"methods","domain_candidate":"methods","domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0007236133,0.0001311363,0.1000253,0.002747256,0.002981697,0.001416311,0.009605963,0.02287751,0.0004530295,0.6654193,0.01338335,0.1802356],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001043643,0.0001456076,0.0097318,0.001038572,0.0003861776,0.0004900073,0.0006021158,0.01805524,0.0004668501,0.9555953,0.0132847,0.00009938701],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"methods","genre_scores_codex":[0.03839011,0.01895125,0.8855307,0.04949125,0.001893781,0.0004860801,0.0009516773,0.0002459701,0.004059257],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.6565909,0.01493828,0.3011497,0.01709589,0.005468757,0.001944385,0.0009008287,0.0001919247,0.001719323],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":"methods","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6274896,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7738063,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.8436463704526604,"score_gpt":0.4950968530289198,"score_spread":0.3485495174237406,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}