{"id":"W2339958939","doi":"10.1037/hop0000023","title":"Historical time in the age of big data: Cultural psychology, historical change, and the Google Books Ngram Viewer.","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"History of Psychology","topic":"Cultural Differences and Values","field":"Psychology","cited_by":47,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"York University","funders":"","keywords":"Collectivism; Individualism; Cultural psychology; Psychology; Social science; Big data; Sociology; Social psychology; Computer science; Law","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.03372342,0.0004071147,0.0006148882,0.006150324,0.006085806,0.01587755,0.001571379,0.004263991,0.003992441],"category_scores_gemma":[0.1147265,0.000517579,0.0003574649,0.01206226,0.02804206,0.03558839,0.007383099,0.008923572,0.000474699],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.004507704,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00450485,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.005699159,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01520147,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9832469,0.01222023,0.0005553702,0.0007665296,0.002792915,0.000418058],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.7667096,0.2095077,0.007445248,0.006692549,0.005131539,0.004513365],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006870891,0.00003446976,0.01732454,0.00102875,0.00008312985,0.0005025478,0.1002522,0.0001724682,0.0001890994,0.5227114,0.2343702,0.1232626],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001943419,0.00004718476,0.01567052,0.003558902,0.00004838985,0.0006119323,0.09221816,0.0004595061,0.0003565858,0.3150733,0.5718229,0.0001130446],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"commentary","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.01780278,0.08900909,0.007579857,0.8334866,0.00557086,0.00005873998,0.000607671,0.0001691077,0.04571532],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.5663674,0.1344165,0.0234498,0.2428991,0.01757537,0.0006832799,0.0006667525,0.000548441,0.01339324],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.03372342,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1783487,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.3903692968519617,"score_gpt":0.4083529312398725,"score_spread":0.01798363438791084,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}