{"id":"W2345224440","doi":"10.1115/1.4033474","title":"Characterization of Transition to Turbulence for Blood in a Straight Pipe Under Steady Flow Conditions","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Biomechanical Engineering","topic":"Fluid Dynamics and Turbulent Flows","field":"Engineering","cited_by":25,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Newtonian fluid; Turbulence; Shear thinning; Reynolds number; Non-Newtonian fluid; Mechanics; Rheology; Turbulence kinetic energy; Shear rate; Blood flow; Viscosity; Blood viscosity; Materials science; Thermodynamics; Physics; Medicine; Cardiology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001695112,0.0001141686,0.0002328616,0.0003312262,0.000009334651,0.00001026772,0.0001064938,0.00008301745,0.00002669847],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000346315,0.00009168519,0.0000873104,0.0002704232,0.00000561426,0.0001755259,0.000007237811,0.00008238685,0.000001313339],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005833654,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000158367,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":4.267466e-7,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001178439,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991137,0.00000643247,0.0004810732,0.00008432612,0.000139293,0.0001752032],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996089,0.00006257487,0.00005364533,0.00008343176,0.00009388559,0.00009754048],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001763661,0.00003863191,8.607433e-7,0.0000587655,0.00003373549,0.000003407675,0.000042459,0.1602664,0.8381295,0.000710188,0.000003885546,0.0006945618],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001269855,0.0003482995,0.0004118019,0.0005690923,0.00004263135,0.00003265707,0.000004765554,0.7932878,0.2034812,0.0002337505,0.000133101,0.0001850785],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5222686,0.00001907313,0.4770591,0.000143855,0.0003153765,0.000101948,0.00007203337,0.00001791757,0.000002122969],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9955295,0.00006418642,0.004245847,0.00001678108,0.00009484423,0.000007358253,0.000009237231,0.00002562902,0.000006610525],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6346483,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3738814,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.006629911909034595,"score_gpt":0.2007384000156225,"score_spread":0.1941084881065879,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}