{"id":"W2347085020","doi":"10.1139/cgj-2016-0045","title":"Frac sand crushing characteristics and morphology changes under high compressive stress and implications for sand pack permeability","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Canadian Geotechnical Journal","topic":"Rock Mechanics and Modeling","field":"Engineering","cited_by":70,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus; University of British Columbia","funders":"China Scholarship Council; Mitacs; Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","keywords":"Void ratio; Geotechnical engineering; Permeability (electromagnetism); Hydraulic fracturing; Quartz; Particle size; Materials science; Compaction; Grain size; Compressive strength; Overburden pressure; Geology; Oil shale; Composite material; Mineralogy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001505997,0.0001322002,0.000203157,0.00009822159,0.0002662705,0.00007731991,0.0001115766,0.0001755648,0.00002343468],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00008368249,0.0001055519,0.00002889169,0.000034495,0.00005359738,0.00007901649,0.00003054261,0.0002282591,6.054718e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001270095,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006575436,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003787042,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001475005,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999193,0.00001707123,0.0002010053,0.0001790501,0.00004946866,0.0003604341],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990557,0.0001368756,0.00004884294,0.0001546945,0.00008651988,0.0005173906],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001081377,0.00008725821,0.007500628,0.0003914422,0.000509712,0.0001025886,0.0007950396,0.01674498,0.3868019,0.02340436,0.007333563,0.5562204],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00819811,0.0009689386,0.5474785,0.001945616,0.0005811282,0.002972211,0.000458231,0.2241718,0.01697864,0.1529954,0.03944727,0.003804125],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8061506,0.0006790842,0.1868178,0.005352608,0.000190613,0.0001950303,0.0005611661,0.00004061834,0.00001247235],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9980876,0.0007795573,0.0006387483,0.0002336611,0.0001979328,0.00001970548,0.000008209468,0.00002548061,0.000009043713],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5524163,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4304283,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02036853013632217,"score_gpt":0.2365758644956416,"score_spread":0.2162073343593194,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}